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The evolution of gender-sensitive perspectives in the Indian planning process has been a dynamic and multi-phase journey. It reflects changing socio-political contexts, evolving feminist discourses, global influences, and persistent efforts by civil society organizations, academicians, and policymakers. From being largely gender-blind during the early decades of planned development, Indian planning has gradually incorporated gender concerns, moving from welfare to empowerment approaches. This transformation can be broadly traced across various Five-Year Plans and policy initiatives that shaped India’s planning landscape. Initial Years: Welfare Approach (1950s–1970s) In the early phase of Indian planning, women were largely viewed through the lens of welfare, with a focus on their reproductive and domestic roles. The first Five-Year Plan (1951–56) did not mention women specifically, treating them as passive beneficiaries of general development programs. The emphasis was on health, maternity care, nutrition, and family planning, reflecting a welfare-oriented approach rooted in the traditional view of women as homemakers. The Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61) also did not have a significant gender focus. The assumption remained that economic growth would automatically lead to women’s upliftment. Some schemes like the Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB), established in 1953, provided grants to voluntary organizations working for women’s welfare, but these efforts were scattered and not integrated into the mainstream planning process. By the time of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969–74), the approach _________ __________ ____ ______ __________ _______.
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