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In the context of Modern East Asia, particularly Japan from 1868 to 1945, the institution of the family underwent significant transformation under the influence of modernization, state-building efforts, and wartime mobilization. During the Meiji period (1868–1912), the Japanese government introduced the ie system, a legal family structure emphasizing patriarchal authority, lineage continuity, and filial duty. The head of the household, typically ____ ___ ________ ________ _________ ________ ___ __________.
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