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The Enlightenment in the context of Modern East Asia, particularly Japan between 1868 and 1945, refers to a period of intense intellectual, political, and social transformation driven by the pursuit of modernization, rational thought, and national strength. This era, known in Japanese as the *Bunmei Kaika* (Civilization and Enlightenment), unfolded primarily during the Meiji era (1868–1912), following the collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of imperial power under Emperor Meiji. Japan's Enlightenment was closely tied to the Meiji state's desire to create a modern nation-state capable of resisting Western imperialism. Influenced by European Enlightenment ideals—such as reason, science, progress, and individual rights—Japanese intellectuals and policymakers sought to adopt Western institutions, technologies, and philosophies to strengthen the country. ______ __________ _______ ____ ____ ________ ______ ____ _______ _____ __________.
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