Show how literary criticism and theory have developed a materialistic dimension based on Marxism.

The development of literary criticism and theory along materialistic lines, particularly through the influence of Marxism, represents one of the most significant intellectual trajectories in the study of literature. Marxist literary criticism reshapes the way texts are read and understood by foregrounding the material conditions of their production, the social relations they reflect, and the economic structures they both emerge from and potentially critique. This materialistic dimension is not confined solely to the study of class struggle but extends into the broader analysis of ideology, culture, and power dynamics embedded in literary texts.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels laid the theoretical foundations for a materialist approach to culture and literature. Marx's notion of historical materialism posits that the economic base of society – its mode of production and class relations – fundamentally determines the superstructure, including politics, law, religion, and culture. Literature, as part of this superstructure, is seen not as an autonomous domain of pure creativity or aesthetics but as a reflection of, and sometimes a tool for reinforcing or contesting, the dominant class ideology. In *The German Ideology*, Marx and Engels argued that the ruling ideas of any age are the ideas of the ruling class, thereby stressing how cultural products like literature can function ideologically.

Marxist literary theory emerged in the early 20th century through the works of critics such as Georg Lukács. Lukács emphasized the importance of literary realism in representing the totality of social life. For Lukács, realist literature, especially that of __________ __________ __________ ________ ________.
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