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The Chalcolithic period in India, dating roughly between 2500 BCE and 700 BCE, represents a transitional phase between the Neolithic and the Iron Age. The term "Chalcolithic" derives from the Greek words *chalkos* (copper) and *lithos* (stone), indicating a culture that used both stone and copper tools. This period is characterized by the emergence of agricultural settlements, development of craft specialization, use of copper tools, and the beginnings of social stratification. The Chalcolithic cultures of West, East, and Central India exhibit distinct regional characteristics, though there are also some common features in material culture, subsistence patterns, and settlement organization. Chalcolithic Cultures of Western India The western Indian Chalcolithic cultures are primarily found in present-day Rajasthan, Gujarat, and parts of Maharashtra. The prominent cultures include the Ahar-Banas culture, the Kayatha culture, and the Malwa culture. 1. Ahar-Banas Culture (Rajasthan): * The Ahar-Banas culture flourished in southeastern Rajasthan, particularly along the Banas and Ahar rivers, around 2500–1500 BCE. * Settlements like Ahar and Gilund are notable sites. * Pottery is characterized by Black-and-Red Ware (BRW) with white linear geometric designs. Ahar pottery often exhibits painted motifs like animals, plants, and anthropomorphic figures. * Agriculture formed the economic base, with evidence of crops such as barley, wheat, lentils, and possibly rice. * Animal domestication included cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. * Houses were made of mud or wattle and daub, indicating a settled life. * Copper objects such as chisels, fish-hooks, and arrowheads were in use, and evidence of copper smelting has been found. * Ahar people also used stone tools alongside copper, suggesting technological continuity with earlier Neolithic cultures. 2. Kayatha Culture (Madhya Pradesh/Rajasthan Border): * The Kayatha culture dates to around __________ ________ _______ _______ _________ ____.
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