Mechanism of Carcinogenicity and teratogens

Carcinogenicity refers to the ability of a substance to cause cancer by altering cellular metabolic processes or damaging DNA. The mechanism begins with the initiation stage, where carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aflatoxins, or certain heavy metals like arsenic and _________ ______ ______ ____ _______ ___ ______.
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