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Isomer shift and spin-spin splitting are key concepts in atomic and molecular spectroscopy, particularly in Mössbauer spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Isomer shift, also known as chemical shift in Mössbauer spectroscopy, arises due to the difference in electron density at the nucleus between the source and the absorber. This shift occurs because the s-electron density affects the nuclear energy levels through the interaction of _______ __________ ________ _______ ____ _______ ____ __________.
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