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Totemism, as a social and religious system that associates particular groups with specific natural elements such as animals, plants, or other objects, has been the subject of significant academic debate within the sociology of religion. One of the most influential anthropologists and structuralists to engage with the concept was Claude Lévi-Strauss. His writings critically examine the reality of totemism not merely as an empirical or universal religious practice, but as a theoretical and classificatory construct shaped by Western anthropological thought. Historically, totemism was first studied among Indigenous peoples in Australia, North America, and Africa, where tribes or clans were seen to identify themselves with certain totems—natural species or objects believed to hold spiritual significance or ancestral connections. Early anthropologists such as J.G. Frazer and Émile Durkheim interpreted totemism as a primordial form of religion and social organization. For Durkheim, totemism revealed the origins of collective consciousness and religious sentiment, arguing in *The Elementary Forms of Religious Life* that the totem symbolized both a sacred force and the clan itself, representing society worshipping _____ __________ ________ ______ _________ _________.
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