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The introduction of foreign DNA into animal cells is a critical technique in genetic engineering and biotechnology, used for a variety of purposes, such as gene therapy, genetic modification, and the production of recombinant proteins. The process of introducing foreign DNA into animal cells can be carried out using several methods, each suited to specific cell types and experimental requirements. Here are the most commonly employed procedures: 1. Microinjection Microinjection is one of the most direct methods of introducing foreign DNA into animal cells. In this technique, a fine glass needle is used to inject the DNA directly into the nucleus or cytoplasm of a living cell. This method is commonly used in the genetic modification of embryos, especially in research with mice and other model organisms. The DNA can be injected into fertilized eggs or early embryos, and when these embryos develop, they may express the introduced gene in all or some of their tissues, depending on the nature of the experiment. The primary limitation of this technique is that it is technically challenging and time-consuming, as it requires the operator to manipulate individual cells under a microscope. 2. Electroporation Electroporation is a technique ___ ___ _______ ____ ______ ______ ____ ____ __________ ____ __________.
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