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Urban biodiversity refers to the variety of plants, animals, microorganisms, and ecosystems that exist within cities and towns. Although urban areas are often perceived as concrete-dominated spaces, they support significant biological diversity in parks, wetlands, rivers, roadside vegetation, vacant lands, and even buildings. However, rapid urbanization and changing lifestyles have created serious threats to this biodiversity. Understanding these threats and adopting effective conservation strategies is essential for maintaining ecological balance, environmental quality, and human well-being in urban environments. One of the major threats to urban biodiversity is rapid and unplanned urbanization. Expansion of cities often leads to the conversion of forests, grasslands, wetlands, and agricultural lands into residential, commercial, and industrial areas. This results in habitat loss and fragmentation, making it difficult for species to survive, reproduce, and migrate. Small and isolated green patches cannot support viable populations of many plants and animals, leading to local extinctions and reduced genetic diversity. Habitat fragmentation is closely linked to infrastructure development such as roads, flyovers, railways, and buildings. These structures act as physical barriers for wildlife movement, increasing the risk of roadkills and limiting access to food, water, and breeding sites. Fragmented habitats also expose species to edge effects, such as increased noise, light, pollution, and human disturbance, which further reduce biodiversity. Pollution is another serious threat to urban biodiversity. Air pollution from vehicles, industries, and construction activities affects both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Polluted air damages plant tissues, reduces photosynthesis, and alters species composition. Water pollution caused by untreated sewage, industrial effluents, plastic waste, and chemical runoff contaminates rivers, lakes, and wetlands, leading to the decline of fish, amphibians, aquatic plants, and invertebrates. Soil pollution from __________ _______ ______ __________ ______ _______ _________ ______ ___ _______ ___ ______.
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