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Urban biodiversity refers to the variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live and interact within cities and towns. Although urban areas are often perceived as biologically poor, they actually contain complex ecosystems in the form of parks, wetlands, rivers, gardens, roadside vegetation, lakes, and even built structures that provide habitats for diverse species. However, rapid urbanization and changing patterns of development have created serious pressures on these ecosystems. The survival of urban biodiversity is increasingly threatened by multiple human-induced factors, which not only reduce species richness but also weaken ecological functions essential for urban sustainability and human well-being. One of the most significant threats to urban biodiversity is rapid and unplanned urban expansion. Cities are growing outward and upward to accommodate rising populations, resulting in the conversion of natural habitats into residential, commercial, and industrial land uses. Forests, grasslands, wetlands, and agricultural lands at the urban fringe are often cleared or fragmented, leading to habitat loss and isolation. This process disrupts ecological connectivity, making it difficult for species to migrate, find food, or reproduce. Small and isolated green patches within cities are often insufficient to support viable populations, leading to local extinctions over time. Habitat fragmentation is closely linked to urban infrastructure development such as roads, flyovers, railways, and buildings. ________ ____ ________ _________ ___ _________ ______ __________ ____ ______ ________ _________.
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