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Supercritical fluid extraction is an advanced separation technique that utilizes fluids at conditions above their critical temperature and pressure, where they exhibit properties intermediate between liquids and gases. In this state, the fluid possesses liquid-like density, which provides good solvent power, and gas-like viscosity and diffusivity, which enhance mass transfer and penetration into solid matrices. Among various supercritical fluids, carbon dioxide is the most widely used in the food industry because it is non-toxic, non-flammable, inexpensive, chemically inert, and has relatively low critical temperature and pressure. The critical temperature and pressure of Carbon dioxide are approximately 31.1°C and 73.8 bar, making it suitable for processing heat-sensitive food materials. In the food industry, supercritical fluid extraction is primarily applied for the extraction of bioactive compounds, flavors, essential oils, pigments, lipids, and other value-added components from plant and animal sources. The mild operating temperature helps preserve thermolabile compounds such as antioxidants, vitamins, and volatile aroma compounds, which are often degraded during conventional solvent extraction or ________ _______ _________ ______ _________ _______ _____ _______.
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