How is the MAPK pathway activated? Explain.

The MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) pathway is a critical signaling cascade that regulates various cellular processes, such as growth, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The activation of the MAPK pathway typically begins when extracellular signals, like growth factors or stress signals, bind to specific cell surface receptors, often receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).

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