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India’s food security system plays a critical role in addressing malnutrition and improving the nutritional status of its vast population. As a country with a large proportion of undernourished people, the government has implemented a multifaceted approach through a network of programs and policy instruments aimed at ensuring food availability, accessibility, and affordability. While the system historically focused on calorie sufficiency, recent reforms increasingly emphasize dietary diversity and nutrient adequacy. At the core of India’s food security infrastructure is the Public Distribution System (PDS). The PDS distributes subsidized food grains—primarily rice, wheat, and coarse grains—to eligible households through a vast network of fair price shops. The system was significantly strengthened through the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, which legalizes the right to food for approximately two-thirds of India’s population. Under NFSA, priority households receive 5 kg of food grains per person per month at highly subsidized rates, while Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households receive 35 kg per household. By improving food access, especially for vulnerable populations, the PDS contributes to combating undernutrition and food insecurity. However, recognizing that food security goes beyond caloric intake, India has increasingly integrated nutritional considerations into food programs. The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) are pivotal in this regard. ICDS targets children under six, pregnant women, and lactating mothers, offering take-home rations and hot cooked meals through Anganwadi centres. The meals are designed to meet specific calorie and protein requirements, and increasingly include eggs, vegetables, and fortified foods. The MDMS provides cooked lunches to school children (classes 1–8) in government and aided schools. This program not only improves school ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __________ ________ __________ ________ ______ _______.
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