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Women’s movements in India have evolved in distinct phases, reflecting the socio-political context, economic structures, and cultural norms prevailing in different periods. The evolution of these movements can be broadly categorized into three major phases: the reformist phase during the colonial period, the nationalist and post-independence phase, and the contemporary feminist phase of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Each phase has contributed to shaping both public consciousness regarding gender issues and legislative and policy frameworks intended to protect and promote women’s rights. During the colonial period, from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, women’s movements in India were largely reformist in character. These movements emerged in response to social evils such as child marriage, sati, widowhood, polygamy, and the lack of access to education for women. Reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and later, social reform groups such as the Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj, advocated for the abolition of oppressive practices and promoted education for women. The role of women during this period was primarily as beneficiaries of reform rather than as independent agents of social change, though some women, like Savitribai Phule and Pandita Ramabai, actively participated in advocating for women’s education ____ ______ ____ _____ ______.
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