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Banks operate in an environment characterized by uncertainty, global interconnectedness, regulatory scrutiny, and rapid financial innovation. Risk management therefore becomes a core function of international banking management, as banks must identify, measure, monitor, and control various types of risks to ensure stability, profitability, and compliance. The primary objective of bank risk management is not to eliminate risk altogether, since risk-taking is inherent to banking, but to manage risks efficiently so that potential losses remain within acceptable limits while supporting sustainable growth. Banks are exposed to several categories of risks, including credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, and country or sovereign risk. Credit risk arises from the possibility that borrowers or counterparties may fail to meet their contractual obligations. Market risk results from adverse movements in interest rates, equity prices, commodity prices, or foreign exchange rates. Liquidity risk refers to the inability of a bank to meet its short-term financial obligations without incurring excessive losses. Operational risk originates from failures in internal processes, people, systems, or from external events. In international banking, these risks are ______ ___ ________ ___ ________ _______ ____ _____ __________ _______.
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