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Polymorphism in xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes plays a crucial role in determining individual variability in response to toxicants. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, including phase I enzymes such as cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and phase II enzymes like glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and N-acetyltransferases (NATs), are responsible for the biotransformation of foreign compounds. These enzymes convert lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic forms, facilitating their excretion from the body. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding these enzymes can lead to altered enzyme activity, stability, or expression levels, ______ ______ _______ _______ ____ ____ _____ _____ _______.
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