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Colonialism profoundly transformed the nature, organization, and perception of Bharatiya craft traditions. Before colonial intervention, craft production in the Indian subcontinent was deeply embedded in social, cultural, and economic systems. Artisans such as weavers, metalworkers, potters, carpenters, stone carvers, and painters formed an integral part of local economies and community life. Craft was not merely a means of livelihood but also a bearer of cultural knowledge, aesthetic traditions, and regional identities. Production was organized through hereditary caste-based guilds and local patronage systems, including royal courts, temples, and village communities. Craftspeople possessed specialized skills passed down through generations, and their products—textiles, metalware, jewelry, ceramics, woodwork, and decorative arts—were widely appreciated for their quality, design, and cultural symbolism. The arrival of colonial rule, particularly under the British, disrupted these traditional structures and reshaped the trajectory of Indian craft traditions in multiple ways. One of the most significant impacts of colonialism was the decline of traditional craft industries due to the introduction of industrially manufactured goods from Britain. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, machine-made textiles and other manufactured products began to flood Indian markets. British policies favored the import of these goods while imposing restrictions and taxes on locally produced items. For example, Indian textiles, which had once dominated global markets and were renowned for their fine muslin, silk, and cotton fabrics, faced heavy tariffs when exported to Britain. At the same time, British mill-made textiles entered _____ ________ _____ ___ __________ _________ _________ _________.
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