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The Rajatarangini, authored by Kalhana in the 12th century CE, is a seminal text in the tradition of historical writing in India. It occupies a unique place in Indian historiography due to its attempt to write a continuous and critical political history of Kashmir from mythological times to Kalhana’s own era. The assertion that "History conveys ethical instructions" becomes particularly relevant when evaluated in the context of Rajatarangini, which combines narrative history with moral, political, and ethical reflections. Kalhana’s historical method, literary style, and philosophical orientation reflect the idea that history is not merely a record of events but also a moral guide. Kalhana viewed history as a discipline that should instruct rulers and individuals in virtue, justice, and the consequences of their actions. Unlike many ancient Indian texts that recorded events with divine glorification or mythological embellishments, Kalhana’s Rajatarangini aimed to base itself on reason, evidence, and critical inquiry. However, despite its critical outlook, the text is deeply rooted in the ethical worldview of dharma (moral law), karma (action and consequence), and niti (statecraft or ethics of governance). This ethical orientation shapes not only the narrative content but also the purpose of writing history itself. Kalhana opens his work by expressing a belief in impartiality and justice. He critiques earlier chroniclers for their partiality and asserts that a true historian must be free from prejudice, anger, and favoritism. This ethical stance toward historical objectivity is itself an instruction on intellectual honesty. In Kalhana’s view, recording the misdeeds of kings, the injustices inflicted on the people, and the decay of morals in administration is a way to remind future rulers and society of the dangers of unethical conduct. Thus, Rajatarangini embodies the belief that history must serve a ____ _______ ___ _____ _____.
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