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Disaster management has undergone significant transformation over the past few decades, reflecting broader changes in technology, governance, and societal understanding of risk. Earlier approaches focused mainly on reactive relief and emergency response after disasters occurred. Governments and humanitarian agencies concentrated on distributing aid and rehabilitating affected communities. However, with repeated losses and increasing disaster frequency, this response-centric model proved insufficient, paving the way for more comprehensive frameworks that integrate preparedness, mitigation, and resilience. The shift from a relief-oriented approach to a proactive risk reduction model is one of the most prominent trends in modern disaster management. A major trend is the institutionalisation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) as a core principle in national and international policies. The Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015) and its successor, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030), have __________ ________ ______ __________ ____ ________ _____ _____ ____ _______.
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