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Disaster management has undergone significant transformation over the past few decades, reflecting broader changes in technology, governance, and societal understanding of risk. Earlier approaches focused mainly on reactive relief and emergency response after disasters occurred. Governments and humanitarian agencies concentrated on distributing aid and rehabilitating affected communities. However, with repeated losses and increasing disaster frequency, this response-centric model proved insufficient, paving the way for more comprehensive frameworks that integrate preparedness, mitigation, and resilience. The shift from a relief-oriented approach to a proactive risk reduction model is one of the ______ _____ ___ ____ _______ _________ _______ ________ ___ _______.
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