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Labour market discrimination and exploitation are central issues in the study of gender and work, as they reveal how structural inequalities, stereotypes, and power imbalances limit opportunities and outcomes for women and marginalized groups. Theories that explain these phenomena are drawn from economics, sociology, and feminist scholarship, each offering insights into the persistence of unequal access to work, differences in wages, and disparities in productivity. The issue is especially relevant in contemporary labour markets where despite legal frameworks promoting equality, disparities in earnings, job opportunities, and representation in leadership roles remain significant. To understand the complexities of labour market discrimination and exploitation, it is essential to examine both economic models of discrimination and sociological and feminist critiques that emphasize systemic inequalities. One of the earliest economic explanations of labour market discrimination is Gary Becker’s “taste for discrimination” model, introduced in the 1950s. According to Becker, some employers, employees, or customers may hold prejudices against certain groups such as women, racial minorities, or lower caste workers. These biases lead to discriminatory hiring practices, lower wages, or restricted access to certain jobs. For instance, an employer may prefer hiring men over women, even if women have the same or higher productivity, simply because of a “taste” for a certain type of worker. Becker’s model suggests that discrimination comes at a cost to the employer, as they may be foregoing the most efficient allocation of resources. However, this model does not fully explain why discrimination persists despite competitive pressures in the labour market that should theoretically drive out inefficient practices. Feminist scholars point out that Becker’s theory downplays the structural and institutional nature of discrimination by attributing it largely to individual prejudice. Another influential theory is the concept of statistical discrimination, developed in the 1970s. Unlike taste-based discrimination, which ____ __________ _________ ____ _________ _____ _______ _______ ________ ________ ______ ______.
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