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Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays an indispensable role in the complex process of gene expression and regulation, functioning as the physical link between the nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence of proteins. The structure of tRNA is uniquely adapted to ensure precise decoding of messenger RNA (mRNA) during translation and to bring the correct amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into the growing polypeptide chain. Understanding both the structural organization and functional significance of tRNA is central to appreciating the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information is translated into functional proteins. tRNA molecules are small, typically 73 to 93 nucleotides in length, and adopt a conserved cloverleaf secondary structure that folds further into a three-dimensional L-shaped tertiary structure. The cloverleaf model illustrates four major arms: the acceptor arm, the anticodon arm, the D arm, and the TΨC arm. Each of these arms contributes distinct structural features and functional properties essential for accurate translation. The acceptor stem, formed by the pairing of the 5′ and 3′ ends of the molecule, terminates in a universally conserved CCA sequence at the 3′ end. This sequence serves as the attachment site for amino acids, catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The anticodon arm contains ________ ____ _______ ________ ___ __________ ___.
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