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The increasing complexity of modern facilities such as airports, hospitals, commercial complexes, industrial plants, and smart buildings has transformed facility management from a largely maintenance-oriented function into a technology-driven discipline. At the center of this transformation are the Internet of Things (IoT) and Operational Technology (OT), which together enable real-time monitoring, automation, predictive maintenance, and data-driven decision-making. Their integration has significantly strengthened emergency preparedness by improving situational awareness, response speed, coordination, and resilience. However, the same connectivity that enhances operational efficiency also introduces substantial cyber security risks that can directly impact safety and business continuity. IoT refers to networks of interconnected devices embedded with sensors, software, and communication capabilities that collect and exchange data over networks. In facility management, IoT devices include smart sensors for temperature, smoke, occupancy, vibration, energy consumption, and air quality. These devices continuously gather data from the physical environment, allowing facility managers to detect anomalies early and take preventive action. For emergency preparedness, IoT enables real-time alerts and automated responses. For example, smoke detectors integrated with building management systems can trigger alarms, activate sprinklers, unlock emergency exits, and notify response teams simultaneously. Similarly, structural health monitoring sensors in bridges or large buildings can detect stress patterns and provide early warnings of potential failures, reducing risk to occupants. Operational Technology, on the other hand, encompasses hardware and software systems that monitor and control physical processes. Examples include building automation systems, HVAC controls, fire safety systems, elevators, power distribution systems, and industrial control systems such as SCADA. OT plays a critical role in maintaining safe operating conditions during emergencies. During a fire incident, OT systems can isolate affected zones, control ventilation to prevent smoke spread, _______ ___ _________ ______ ____ __________ ______ ____ _________ _____.
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