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The Fischer esterification mechanism involves the acid-catalysed conversion of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol into an ester, and its understanding connects principles of solutions, equilibria and functional group transformations. In an acidic medium, the carbonyl oxygen of the carboxylic acid is first protonated, increasing the electrophilicity of the ___ ___ _______ ______ _______ ______ ________ ________ __________.
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