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Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and online intermediaries play a central role in enabling communication, commerce, and data exchange in cyberspace. They provide access, hosting, caching, search, and platform services that allow users and businesses to operate online. Because they facilitate the transmission and storage of third-party content, legal systems have developed rules to define their liability for unlawful activities carried out through their networks. The concept of intermediary liability seeks to balance the need to promote innovation and free expression with the necessity of preventing harm such as copyright infringement, defamation, fraud, cybercrime, and dissemination of illegal material in e-commerce environments. An intermediary generally refers to any entity that provides services enabling the transmission, storage, or access of digital information on behalf of users. This includes internet access providers, web hosting companies, social media platforms, online marketplaces, payment gateways, and cloud service providers. Since these entities do not usually create the content themselves, the law often distinguishes between primary liability for content creators and secondary or conditional liability for intermediaries. The core ____ _____ _____ __________ _____ __________ _______ _____ __________ ___ _______ _________.
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