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Successful organ and tissue transplantation relies heavily on precise donor and recipient matching to minimize immune-mediated graft rejection. The immune system is naturally programmed to recognize and eliminate foreign cells, and transplantation introduces cells and tissues that may carry antigens unfamiliar to the recipient's immune system. Among these antigens, human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are the most critical in determining compatibility. HLA molecules are glycoproteins present on the surface of almost all nucleated cells and play a pivotal role in antigen presentation, facilitating the immune system’s ability to distinguish self from non-self. Mismatches in HLA between donor and recipient significantly increase the likelihood of graft rejection, as recipient T lymphocytes can recognize donor HLA molecules as foreign, leading _________ ____ _____ _________ _____ ______ _____ ____ _____ _____ _______.
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