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The evolution of management thought has been shaped by the need to improve productivity, efficiency, and organizational effectiveness in industrial and business contexts. Early management practices were largely intuitive and based on experience rather than formal theory. The formal study of management began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, coinciding with the industrial revolution and the growth of large-scale organizations, where traditional methods proved inadequate for coordinating complex operations. Scientific management, pioneered by Frederick W. Taylor in the early 1900s, marked the first systematic approach to management. Taylor emphasized the scientific study of tasks to determine the “one best way” to perform each job. He introduced time and motion studies, standardization of tools and procedures, and performance-based incentives to _____ _________ ____ ____ ___ ____.
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