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Data protection and privacy have become central issues in the digital age, as the proliferation of data-driven technologies and online services has significantly increased the collection, processing, and storage of personal information. Different countries have developed varying legal frameworks to safeguard individual privacy, reflecting their socio-political environments, legal traditions, and economic priorities. Among the notable jurisdictions, India, the European Union (EU), and the United States (US) exhibit distinct approaches to data protection and privacy regulation. In India, the legal framework for data protection has evolved gradually over the past two decades. Historically, privacy protections were limited and scattered across different statutes, such as the Information Technology Act, 2000, and its rules, particularly the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011. These regulations mainly focus on obligations for corporate entities handling sensitive personal data, including maintaining security practices and obtaining consent for data collection. The Indian Constitution, through Article 21, implicitly provides the right to privacy as a fundamental right, a position reinforced by the landmark Supreme Court ___ ______ __________ _________ _____ ____ ____.
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