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Library automation refers to the application of computer and communication technologies to perform routine library operations such as acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serials control, reference services, and information retrieval in an efficient, accurate, and integrated manner. It aims to replace manual, repetitive, and time-consuming procedures with computerized systems that can store, process, and retrieve bibliographic and user data quickly and reliably. Through automation, libraries are able to provide faster services, improve accuracy in record keeping, enable better control over collections, and offer enhanced access to information resources in both print and digital forms. It also supports resource sharing, networking, and interoperability among libraries, which are essential features of modern information management. The idea of automating library functions emerged from the broader development of computers and information technology. In the early period, libraries relied entirely on manual systems such as card catalogues, ledger-based circulation records, and handwritten accession registers. As collections and user populations grew, these methods became increasingly inadequate. Automation introduced the possibility of maintaining bibliographic databases, _________ _______ ___ ________ _____ ______ _________ _________ ____.
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