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Rural society in India has been undergoing profound transformation over the past several decades, shaped by economic reforms, technological change, demographic shifts, state policy, and expanding connections with urban centres. Traditionally, rural society was characterized by agriculture as the dominant occupation, joint family structures, caste-based social organization, limited mobility, and a relatively self-sufficient village economy. Today, while many of these features persist in modified forms, the rural landscape is far more dynamic, diversified, and closely integrated with urban society than in the past. Understanding this changing scenario requires examining shifts in the economic base, social relations, institutions, values, and everyday life of rural communities, as well as the growing interdependence between rural and urban spaces. One of the most significant changes in rural society has been the transformation of its economic structure. Agriculture, once the near-exclusive livelihood for rural households, no longer occupies the same central position. Although a majority of rural people still depend on agriculture directly or indirectly, the sector’s share in national income has declined, and non-farm activities have expanded rapidly. Rural households increasingly combine farming with wage labour, petty trade, construction work, transport services, and small-scale manufacturing. The spread of irrigation, high-yielding varieties, fertilizers, and mechanization since the Green Revolution increased productivity in certain regions, but it also introduced new inequalities between landowners and landless labourers, and between agriculturally advanced and backward regions. Over time, stagnation in farm incomes, rising input costs, and vulnerability to climate variability have pushed many rural workers to seek supplementary or alternative livelihoods outside agriculture. This diversification of livelihoods has altered the rhythm of rural life. Seasonal migration to nearby towns or distant cities has become a common survival strategy, particularly for landless labourers, small and marginal farmers, and tribal communities. Migration is no longer seen merely as a distress response but also as an avenue for aspiration, skill acquisition, and social mobility. Remittances sent back to villages contribute to household consumption, education, housing, and sometimes investment in agriculture or small enterprises. As a result, rural society is no longer spatially confined; it extends across multiple locations, linking villages to urban labour markets and global economic circuits. Social relations within rural society have also been reshaped. The traditional caste system, which once rigidly structured occupations, social interactions, and power relations, has weakened in many areas, though it has not disappeared. Land reforms, ________ ___ __________ ______ ____ __________ ________ ________ ___ ____ ____.
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