Explain the basic input validation approaches?

Input validation is a crucial aspect of application and business security, ensuring that data received from users is correct, safe, and does not compromise the integrity of a system. Proper input validation helps prevent various security threats such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), buffer overflow attacks, and command injection. Several fundamental approaches to input validation can be implemented to enhance security in applications and business systems.  

One of the primary approaches is whitelisting (allowlist validation), which defines a strict set of acceptable inputs. This method allows only predefined valid values or patterns while rejecting everything else. For instance, in an e-commerce application, a field expecting a ZIP __________ _______ __________ _________ ______ ___ __________ __________ _____.
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