Explain the basic input validation approaches?

Basic input validation is a crucial aspect of application and business security developments. It ensures that user-provided data is accurate, safe, and does not compromise system integrity. By implementing effective input validation techniques, businesses can prevent security vulnerabilities like SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and buffer overflow attacks. The key approaches to input validation include:  

1. Whitelisting (Allow-listing) Approach  
Whitelisting defines a strict set of acceptable input values. Any input that does not match the predefined criteria is rejected. For example, if an application only allows numeric ___ __________ __________ ________ ______ _____ ______ _____.
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