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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model is a conceptual framework developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to standardize communication between different computer systems and networks. It divides the communication process into seven distinct layers, where each layer performs specific functions and communicates with the layers directly above and below it. The OSI model provides a universal language for network communication, enabling interoperability among devices and protocols from different manufacturers. It is widely used for understanding, designing, troubleshooting, and securing computer networks and cyberspace technologies. The first layer is the Physical Layer. It is responsible for the transmission of raw binary data over physical communication media such as cables, fiber optics, or wireless _______ ______ ______ __________ ______ _________ __________ ________ ________.
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