Explain Milankovitch oscillations with suitable diagrams. Explain the factors affecting amount of energy flux received at the earth's surface.

Milankovitch oscillations, also known as Milankovitch cycles, are long-term variations in the orbit and orientation of the Earth that significantly affect global climate patterns over tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. These oscillations are named after Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovitch, who theorized that variations in solar radiation due to orbital changes are a primary driver of Earth’s long-term climate changes, such as the glacial and interglacial periods.

Milankovitch Oscillations

Milankovitch identified three primary types of oscillations that influence the amount and distribution of solar energy received by Earth:

1. Eccentricity (Shape of Earth's Orbit)

Eccentricity refers to the change in the shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun from more circular to more elliptical and back. This cycle occurs over a period of about 100,000 years.

• When the orbit is more elliptical, the difference in distance between the Earth and the Sun during different seasons becomes greater.

• As a result, the Earth receives varying amounts of solar radiation depending on its position in the orbit.

• A more elliptical orbit causes greater variation in the amount of solar radiation received during different times of the year, especially affecting the seasons in each ______ ___ _________ ______ ________ _______ ____ ________ ______.
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