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Merton's Strain Theory, developed by Robert K. Merton in 1938, is a foundational sociological framework that explains why individuals engage in deviant behavior when they are unable to achieve culturally approved goals through legitimate means. The theory is rooted in the broader functionalist perspective, which posits that society is structured to maintain stability and order, and that social norms and values guide acceptable behavior. Merton argued that strain arises when there is a disjunction between culturally prescribed goals, such as wealth, success, or social status, and the institutionalized means available to achieve them. This gap creates pressure or "strain" on individuals, which can lead them to adopt various modes of adaptation, some of which may be deviant or criminal. In the Indian context, Merton’s Strain Theory can be particularly relevant due to the highly competitive nature of social and economic mobility. Rapid economic development in urban areas, coupled with deep-seated social inequalities based on caste, class, and regional disparities, creates a situation where many individuals aspire to achieve wealth, education, and social prestige but face structural barriers. The theory identifies five modes of adaptation to strain: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion, each of which can be illustrated with examples relevant to India. Conformity represents the most common mode of adaptation, where individuals accept both societal goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. In India, a student from a middle-class background who aims to secure a government job by pursuing education, preparing for competitive exams like UPSC or SSC, and adhering to disciplined study routines exemplifies conformity. These individuals align with societal expectations ________ _______ _________ ___ ______ _______ ________.
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