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Information processing in learning and memory, from the perspective of cognitive psychology, refers to the sequence of mental events that involve the acquisition, encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. This approach is grounded in the metaphor of the human mind as a computer, processing incoming information, organizing it, and using it for future purposes. Learning and memory are central aspects of this model and are interdependent in facilitating cognition and behavior. The information processing approach divides the mental handling of information into several stages. These include sensory memory, short-term (or working) memory, and long-term memory. Each stage performs a distinct function in processing, retaining, and retrieving knowledge. Cognitive psychologists have proposed several theories and models to explain how this process occurs, including the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, Baddeley’s model of working memory, and Craik and Lockhart’s levels-of-processing theory. ### Sensory Memory The initial stage of information processing is sensory memory. This memory system holds sensory information for a brief period, generally less than a second, allowing the brain to filter and decide whether the information should be processed further. Sensory memory includes different types such as iconic memory (for visual input), echoic memory (for auditory input), and haptic memory (for tactile input). For example, when a learner sees a word on a screen or hears a teacher's voice, that input is briefly stored in sensory memory. If the learner pays attention, the information is passed on to short-term memory; otherwise, it fades rapidly. Attention, therefore, serves as a critical gateway in learning, determining which sensory inputs become part of the cognitive processing stream. ### Short-Term Memory and Working Memory Once information passes through the attention filter, it enters short-term memory (STM), where it is held temporarily for active processing. According to George Miller's (1956) classic research, short-term memory can hold about seven (plus or minus two) items for approximately 20 to 30 seconds. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) expanded upon this by proposing the concept of working memory, a more dynamic and functional form _______ ____ _________ __________ ________ ________.
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