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Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a foundational technique in bioinformatics used to compare three or more biological sequences, such as proteins or nucleotides, in order to identify regions of similarity that may indicate functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships. CLUSTALW is one of the most widely used tools for performing multiple sequence alignment due to its efficiency and reliability. It employs a progressive alignment method, which begins by calculating pairwise alignments between all sequences to generate a similarity matrix. From this matrix, CLUSTALW constructs a guide tree, often using a neighbor-joining method, which reflects the approximate evolutionary distances among _____ ______ ____ __________ _________ ___ _________.
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