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The reduction of benzene using sodium in liquid ammonia is known as the Birch reduction. This reaction selectively reduces aromatic rings to give 1,4-cyclohexadienes under mild conditions without affecting other functional groups. In this process, sodium metal acts as a single-electron donor, while liquid ammonia serves as a solvent and proton source. The mechanism begins with the _____ _____ _________ _________ _____ _______ __________.
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