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European regional integration has been one of the most significant developments in international politics since the mid-twentieth century. The European Union (EU), as the most advanced form of regional integration in the world, represents both a political experiment and a theoretical challenge. Explaining how and why European states chose to pool sovereignty and construct supranational institutions has been the concern of a wide array of scholars in political science and international relations. Theories of European integration not only illuminate the EU’s evolution but also help assess the dynamics of cooperation, conflict, and sovereignty in regional governance. Several major theoretical approaches—such as federalism, functionalism, neofunctionalism, intergovernmentalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, and constructivism—have attempted to explain the nature and trajectory of European integration. The earliest attempts to explain integration emerged out of federalist thought, which saw the creation of a United States of Europe as the ultimate solution to Europe’s recurring conflicts. Federalist thinkers argued that integration should proceed by establishing a constitutional order in which sovereignty would be divided between a central authority and member states. Federalism thus emphasized deliberate political design, institution-building, and constitutional settlements to prevent wars and ensure unity. Although federalism inspired figures such as Altiero Spinelli and influenced early post-war initiatives, it lacked the explanatory power to account for the incremental and often pragmatic nature of actual integration processes. Rather than a sudden leap toward federation, integration unfolded through sectoral cooperation and functional arrangements. Functionalism, associated with David Mitrany, offered a different framework by emphasizing the role of technical cooperation in solving practical problems. Mitrany argued ____ _______ _________ _____ _________ ________ _____.
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