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The tribes of India, often referred to as Adivasis, exhibit a diverse range of economic practices shaped by their environment, culture, social organization, and historical interactions with surrounding societies. Their modes of economic sustenance are closely tied to the natural resources available in their regions, seasonal cycles, and traditional knowledge systems that have been developed and refined over generations. These modes of subsistence are generally categorized into agriculture, hunting and gathering, pastoralism, craft production, and wage labor, often combined in various forms to ensure survival and social stability. Agriculture forms a significant part of economic sustenance for many tribal communities, especially in regions with fertile land and sufficient rainfall. Traditional forms of agriculture, often termed subsistence farming, involve the cultivation of crops primarily for local consumption rather than for market sale. Crops such as rice, millets, maize, pulses, and vegetables are commonly grown. Tribes such as the Gonds in central India and the Santhals in eastern India rely heavily on such cultivation. These communities often employ shifting cultivation or slash-and-burn agriculture, locally known as ‘podu’ or ‘jhum’ cultivation. In this system, patches of forest are cleared and cultivated for a few years, after which the ___ ____ __________ ______ ______ ______ ____ ______.
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