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The Portuguese were the first among the European powers to establish a direct sea route to India, marking the beginning of European colonial trade in the Indian subcontinent. Their arrival in India in 1498 under Vasco da Gama marked the start of a new era in Indo-European relations, primarily driven by trade. The nature of Portuguese trade in India was commercial, monopolistic, maritime-oriented, and heavily backed by military force. Initially, the Portuguese focused on the spice trade, particularly black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, and cloves, which were highly demanded in Europe. They established their first trading post in ______ _______ _________ _____ __________ ________ ________ _________ ____ ___.
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