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The Portuguese were the first among the European powers to establish a direct sea route to India, marking the beginning of European colonial trade in the Indian subcontinent. Their arrival in India in 1498 under Vasco da Gama marked the start of a new era in Indo-European relations, primarily driven by trade. The nature of Portuguese trade in India was commercial, monopolistic, maritime-oriented, and heavily backed by military force. Initially, the Portuguese focused on the spice trade, particularly black pepper, cardamom, _________ ____ _________ __________ ___ _______ ______ ___.
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