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The concept of civilisation in the Indian context is vast, layered, and deeply rooted in millennia of history. Civilisation, broadly understood, refers to the complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (usually writing), and a perceived cultural continuity. In India, this concept assumes a multidimensional form that intertwines with the subcontinent’s diverse ethnicities, languages, religions, and social structures. The study of civilisation within Indian anthropology not only explores its historical underpinnings but also investigates the implications of this civilisational identity for the cultural fabric of contemporary India. India is often described as one of the world’s oldest continuous civilisations, primarily due to the Harappan or Indus Valley Civilisation (c. 2600–1900 BCE). This early urban civilisation demonstrated complex city planning, sophisticated craftsmanship, standardised weights and measures, and extensive trade networks. The Harappan Civilisation, though prehistoric in the sense of lacking deciphered script, is nonetheless a marker of India's civilisational beginnings. Anthropologically, it serves as a foundational reference for the long-term evolution of Indian society and culture. However, the concept of Indian civilisation extends far beyond the Harappan period, embracing subsequent Vedic, Mauryan, Gupta, and medieval cultures and regimes that shaped India's sociocultural landscape. The civilisational concept in India is not monolithic but pluralistic. Indian civilisation is best ____ _______ _____ ___ ____ _______ ______ ___ ___.
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