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Wetlands are among the most productive and ecologically significant components of the aquatic ecosystem, functioning as dynamic interfaces between terrestrial and aquatic environments. They include marshes, swamps, bogs, fens, floodplains, mangroves, estuaries, and shallow lakes, each characterized by water saturation, hydrophytic vegetation, and hydric soils. Despite occupying a relatively small proportion of the Earth’s surface, wetlands deliver a wide array of ecosystem services that are vital for ecological balance, human well-being, and sustainable development. These services are broadly ecological, hydrological, biogeochemical, climatic, economic, and socio-cultural in nature, and their interdependence highlights the integrated functioning of aquatic ecosystems. One of the most critical ecosystem services provided by wetlands is biodiversity support. Wetlands serve as habitats, breeding grounds, and nurseries for a vast range of flora and fauna, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, invertebrates, and microorganisms. Many aquatic and semi-aquatic species depend entirely on wetlands for survival, while migratory birds rely on them as stopover and feeding sites along migratory routes. High primary productivity in wetlands supports complex food webs, making them hotspots of biological diversity. This biodiversity not only has intrinsic ecological value but also underpins other ecosystem services such as fisheries, pollination, and genetic resources. Wetlands play a fundamental role in hydrological regulation within aquatic ecosystems. They act as natural sponges that absorb, store, and slowly release water, thereby regulating river flows, groundwater recharge, and surface runoff. During periods of heavy rainfall or snowmelt, wetlands reduce ______ _____ _______ ________ ___ ________ ____ _____ ____ _____ ___.
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