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Zia-ul-Barani, a prominent medieval Indian political thinker, emphasized the pragmatic aspects of governance and statecraft, reflecting a deep understanding of political expediency and realism. His thought is primarily rooted in the socio-political context of the Delhi Sultanate, where maintaining authority and stability was central to the survival of the state. Barani’s approach deviated from purely moralistic or idealistic conceptions of politics, instead focusing on practical measures to secure power, maintain order, and ensure the prosperity of the ruling class. Political expediency, according to Barani, is the necessity for rulers to make decisions that might not always align with ethical ideals but serve the practical interests of governance. He observed that the Sultanate’s rulers often faced complex _____ ______ ________ ___ ______ ____ ______ _____ _______.
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