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Rural development refers to a multidimensional process aimed at improving the economic, social and environmental conditions of rural areas. Over time, scholars and policy makers have explained rural development through different paradigms or models. Among these, two major paradigms are widely recognized: the modernisation paradigm and the holistic or sustainable development paradigm. These paradigms differ in their approach, priorities, methods and outcomes. The modernisation paradigm emerged after the independence of many developing countries and was strongly influenced by Western models of industrial and economic growth. This paradigm considers development mainly as economic growth achieved through capital investment, technological advancement and expansion of market systems. It focuses on increasing productivity, industrialisation of agriculture, and integration of rural areas into national _____ ______ ________ _______ ____ ____ _____.
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