. ECG changes in Hypokalemia& hyperkalemia

Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes play a crucial role in diagnosing and managing electrolyte imbalances, especially in geriatric patients who are more prone to such disturbances due to age-related changes in renal function and medication use. Both hypokalemia (low potassium levels) and hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) can have profound effects on cardiac function, and understanding their ECG manifestations is essential for timely intervention and preventing adverse cardiovascular events in geriatric populations.

Hypokalemia:

Hypokalemia is commonly defined as serum potassium levels below 3.5 mmol/L. In geriatric patients, it can occur due to various factors such as diuretic use, inadequate dietary intake, ____ _______ ________ __________ _____ ______ ____ _____ ________.
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