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Capitalism and colonialism significantly influenced the trajectory and nature of urbanisation in India, particularly during the colonial and early post-colonial periods. The intersection of these two global historical processes shaped the spatial, social, and economic character of Indian cities in distinct ways. While colonialism introduced new urban forms, institutions, and infrastructure to serve imperial interests, capitalism created new labour markets, industries, and class relations that redefined urban growth and socio-economic structures. Colonial urbanisation in India was a product of the British Empire’s economic and administrative priorities. The British established and expanded urban centres to serve as nodes of colonial extraction, military control, and governance. Key port cities such as Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras were transformed into major commercial and administrative hubs to facilitate the export of raw materials and import of British manufactured goods. These cities were designed with an emphasis on segregation—racial, spatial, and economic. The colonial cities had distinct European quarters with superior infrastructure and sanitation, while the Indian quarters were often neglected and overcrowded, lacking in basic civic amenities. This dualistic urban structure was a direct result of colonial priorities and racial ideologies, not the organic outcome of Indian urban development. The development of railways, roads, and communication networks under colonial rule further shaped urbanisation by integrating select regions into the colonial economy. The railway system, primarily constructed for strategic and economic exploitation, connected hinterlands to port cities. This led to the growth of intermediate towns and urban centres that served as collecting and distributing points in the colonial supply chain. Cities like Kanpur, Allahabad, and Nagpur grew around railway junctions, not because of endogenous economic ___ __________ ___ ___ ______ ___ _________ __________.
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