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The process of urbanization in the Vijayanagar metropolitan area represents one of the most significant episodes in the history of urban growth in medieval India. Vijayanagar, founded in the mid-fourteenth century on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in present-day Karnataka, developed into one of the largest and most influential urban centers in South Asia by the sixteenth century. Its urbanization process was deeply shaped by political, economic, social, and cultural factors, as well as geographical advantages. The city functioned as a political capital, economic hub, and cultural magnet, reflecting both indigenous traditions and interactions with the wider Indian Ocean world. The foundation of Vijayanagar was linked to the establishment of the Vijayanagar Empire around 1336 CE by the Sangama brothers, Harihara and Bukka. Its urbanization was initially driven by its role as a strategic political center, designed to resist the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate and to consolidate the Hindu kingdoms of South India. The Tungabhadra River valley offered a natural defensive environment, with rocky hills and water resources supporting settlement and military needs. This early phase of urbanization was characterized by fortification, the establishment of royal and administrative quarters, and the creation of sacred sites, which were crucial for legitimizing the new capital. As the city grew, its urban morphology became complex and highly organized. The Vijayanagar metropolitan area was not a single continuous city but a cluster of urban settlements spread across approximately 25 square kilometers, with a larger metropolitan region extending up to 600 square kilometers. It was divided into distinct zones: the sacred center, the ________ ___ _____ _____ ___ _________.
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