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Punishment in the criminal justice system serves multiple purposes, ranging from deterrence and rehabilitation to retribution and societal protection. Understanding the various theories of punishment is crucial for social workers and criminal justice professionals, as these frameworks guide both policy and practice when addressing crime, rehabilitation, and social reintegration of offenders. Each theory reflects distinct philosophical underpinnings and practical implications, and their application in India demonstrates the intersection of law, social justice, and cultural norms. The retributive theory of punishment is one of the oldest and most intuitive approaches. Rooted in the principle of “just deserts,” this theory posits that punishment should be proportionate to the severity of the crime. The focus is on moral accountability, rather than deterrence or rehabilitation. In the Indian context, retribution is evident in the legal provisions for serious offenses under the Indian Penal Code (IPC), such as Sections 302 (murder) and 376 (rape), where severe penalties, including life imprisonment or capital punishment, are prescribed. Social workers must understand that while retribution satisfies societal demand for justice, it often overlooks the socio-economic and psychological circumstances of offenders, which may perpetuate cycles of crime if rehabilitative measures are not integrated. The deterrence ____ ____ ______ ________ ______.
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