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The history of urbanisation in medieval India has been interpreted through multiple historiographical approaches, each shaped by the perspectives, methodologies, and ideological orientations of historians. These diverse approaches reflect the complexity of urban processes during the medieval period, roughly spanning from the 8th to the 18th centuries. The understanding of urbanism in this period cannot be confined to a singular narrative, as the phenomenon itself was influenced by political regimes, economic structures, social configurations, religious institutions, and cultural exchanges. The major historiographical approaches include colonial interpretations, nationalist perspectives, Marxist analysis, the Aligarh school, and more recent subaltern and environmental histories. Colonial historiography, developed during British rule in India, viewed the medieval period, particularly under Muslim rule, as a phase of urban decay. Early colonial historians such as James Mill and Vincent Smith considered the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal period as despotic and feudal, leading to the destruction of urban institutions that flourished during ancient India. According to this interpretation, the decline of classical cities like Pataliputra and Ujjain was not compensated by the emergence of new urban centres. The Orientalist strand of colonial historiography, however, did acknowledge the splendour of certain Islamic cities like Delhi, Lahore, and Agra, often romanticising their architecture but underplaying their socio-economic _________ ________ _____ _________ _____ ____ ________.
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